Background and Aims: Overlapping of the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth in the panoramic radiography is a major concern. Therefore, an option has been developed in the panoramic unit of Planmeca Promax, namely IMPROVED interproximal mode. This mode causes lower horizental angle with the teeth contact region during the unit rotation decreasing overlapping of the panoramic images of the posterior teeth especially premolar teeth. The present study was done to compare the overlapping of posterior teeth using two techniques of IMPROVED interproximal panoramic program and standard panoramic.Materials and Methods: In this diagnostic study, 32 patients requiring panoramic radiographies at their posterior teeth during their routine diagnosis and treatment process with the mean age of 27.3 years were participated. No patients showed crowding of posterior teeth or missed and restored posterior teeth. The participants' panoramic radiographies were randomly taken by two techniques of IMPROVED interproximal panoramic and standard panoramic using Planmeca Promax device. The overlapping of the panoramic images was blindly assessed by an oral radiologist. The overlapping in both techniques was reported by frequency and percentage. The comparisons were done by Chi-square test between two techniques and the odds ratio of overlapping was estimated using regression analysis.Results: In standard panoramic techniques, 38.5% (148 contacts of 384 contacts) of the proximal surfaces overlapped while the overlapping of the proximal surfaces was observed in 18.8% (72 contacts of 384 overall contacts) in IMPROVED interproximal technique. Significant differences were noted between two techniques regarding overlapping (P<0.001). Also 66.4% and 39.1% of 4-5 teeth contacts overlapped in standard and IMPROVED techniques. The values were reported to be 39.1% and 12.5% in contacts of 5-6 teeth and 10.2% and 4.7% in the contacts of 6-7 teeth in both techniques, respectively. The overlapping odds ratio in IMPROVED technique as compared to standard techniques was 2.72 more. While the odds ratio of overlapping in the contact regions of 4-5 and 5-6 teeth was 16.4 and 4.61 as compared to the contact region of 6-7 teeth (all: P<0.001). The lower or upper jaw with the patients' mouth side did not significantly influence the overlapping of the proximal surfaces in both panoramic techniques.Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, IMPROVED interproximal panoramic significantly reduced the overlapping of proximal surfaces in the panoramic radiographies of posterior teeth as compared to the standard panoramic technique. Therefore, it can be used to detect proximal caries in the posterior teeth as a diagnostic tool. Using this option may affect other part of panoramic image which should be investigated in other research.

In this paper, a novel LNA design based on IMPROVED noise cancellation technique in the frequency range of 27 to 31 GHz.is presented The proposed LNA is suitable for millimeter wave 5G wireless communication. The first stage of this two-stage LNA is designed with noise cancelation approach to decrease the noise figure of the system. In order to improve the design method, we utilizes a negative feedback by implementing a couple inductor with a transformer connection. The negative feedback provides an acceptable input matching and control the gain to increase the band width. The cascode structure is used in the second stage for its higher gain and stability and better reverse isolation at millimeter wave frequency. Furthermore, an inductor is utilized to boost the gain with neutralizing the capacitance of node between two transistors in a cascode structure. The CMOS silicon on insulator (SOI) is utilized to provide a high level of integration and low power consumption with the minimum cost. The proposed LNA is designed with 130 nm CMOS technology and has 22.14 dB gain with 1.86 dB noise figure at 29 GHz. The 3-dB bandwidth of the designed LNA is 4 GHz (14%) and its DC power consumption is 33.4 mW. The IIP3 is -16dBm and input reflection coefficient is better than -10dBm in the frequency range of interest. The proposed LNA is simulated by ADS software.

The main objective of this research was to evaluate reliability and validity of Recovery STRESS Questionnaire for Athlestes (Rest Q-Sport). Professional and semi-professional athletes of handball and basketball constitute statistical population of current work. Some 510 athletes were chosen in random as statistical samples. Measurement tool used was a Rest Q-Sport comprised of 76 questions with 19 sub scales (general STRESS, emotional STRESS, social STRESS, struggle/strain, fatigue, energy deficiency, physical problems, success, social recovery, physical recovery, general health, sleep quality, impaired relaxation, emotional fatigue, injury, physical fitness, personal problems, self-efficacy, self-regulation). The scoring method was based on a 5-choiced Likert scale. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified after being translated by expert professors of physical exercise. Statistical methods applied were descriptive indexes for description of data, Cronbach’s alpha for reliability assessment, confirmatory factor analysis, and t individual samples for studying difference with average values. Research findings were indicative of a=0.98 reliability for Rest Q-Sport. All questions showed significant relations with the factor in terms of structure validity and based on the extent of relations and T-values. Indexes of x2/df=2.03, RMSEA=0.052, NFI=0.97, NNFI=0.93, IFI=0.98, RFI=0.91, GFI=0.93, AGFI=0.90 also demonstrated fitness of the model altogether. Moreover, regarding the relation between factors and concept of IMPROVED STRESS for athletes, the obtained results indicated that all factors were able to predict the concept of IMPROVED STRESS well. Therefore, internal and external validities of the model “IMPROVED STRESS for athletes” were confirmed as well.

Objective: In ventricular arrhythmias, due to their free radical scavenging action, antioxidant agents are usually used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Since STRESS is considered as risk factor for increased mortality by causing malignant arrhythmias, the study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of ellagic acid (EA) on CaCl2-induced arrhythmias in rat STRESS model.Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were divided into four groups: Group I: Control rats (2 ml of saline by gavage), Group II: Rats treated with EA (15 mg/kg, gavage), Group III: STRESS group, Group IV: received EA plus STRESS. STRESS was applied in a restrainer box (6 hour/day, 21 days). After induction of anesthesia, lead II electrocardiogram was recorded for calculating heart rate and QRS complex. The arrhythmia was produced by injection of CaCl2 solution (140 mg/kg, iv) and incidences of Ventricular fibrillation, Ventricular premature beats and Ventricular tachycardia were recorded. Results were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA and Fisher’s exact test. p<0.05 was considered as significant level.Results: The results showed a positive inotropic effect and negative chronotropic effect for the EA group in comparison with the control group. Incidence rates (%) of premature beats, ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia in STRESS group and all the arrhythmia parameters decreased in groups which received EA.Conclusions: By decreasing the incidence rates of premature beats, fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia in groups which received EA, ellagic acid probably acted as an anti-arrhythmic agent which showed to have aprotective functionin heart.

Background: Hypothyroidism negatively affects liver function, which might be due to nitric oxide (NO) overproduction, oxidative STRESS, and fibrosis. Aminoguanidine (AMG) as an inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitor attenuates NO and shows antioxidant effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of AMG against liver damage caused by hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into 5 groups and treated by (1) vehicle, (2) propylthiouracil (PTU, 0. 05% in drinking water) to induce hypothyroidism, (3–5) PTU + AMG (10 mg/kg), PTU + AMG (20 mg/kg), and PTU + AMG (30 mg/kg). The rats were given AMG intraperitoneally for 6 weeks. The blood concentration of T4, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALK-P), albumin, and total protein was estimated. The hepatic level of malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol group, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) was also measured. In addition, liver fibrosis was evaluated using Masson’s trichrome method. Results: Hypothyroidism induced by PTU elevated the concentration of MDA, ALT, AST, and ALK-P (P < 0. 001) and lowered T4, total thiol, albumin, and total protein level and SOD, and CAT activity (P < 0. 001). Treatment by AMG significantly attenuated the PTU-induced hypothyroidism impact on liver functional markers and oxidative STRESS parameters. Accordance to the histological results, hypothyroidism enhanced fibrosis in liver tissue compared with control (P < 0. 001). Injection of 30 mg/kg of AMG decreased fibrous tissue versus the PTU group (P < 0. 001). Conclusion: The results suggest that AMG effectively ameliorates liver fibrosis and functional impairment resulting from hypothyroidism by reinforcing the antioxidative potential.

Purpose: Application of heavy forces to maxillary dentition during treatment with headgear, induces high concentration of STRESSes in periodontal tissue. Quantification of this STRESS is of great concern in orthodontics. This study was designed to investigate the quantity and quality of STRESS response in the PDL of maxillary first molar which was subjected to high pull headgear traction using Finite Element method.Methods and Material: In an experimental study, a three-dimensional finite element model of maxillary dentition, consisting of 17096 elements and 23013 nodes, was developed based on a young human skull. The forces were applied to the maxillary first molar in the stabilized Arch by means of a rectangular full size arch wire in (022) slot bracket. Mechanical properties of this model were based on previous studies. A 350 gram force was used for high pull headgear to affect the dentition (+30 degree) and STRESS distribution was investigated in buccal, palatal, mesial and distal side and in cervical, middle, apical sections of the PDL. The quantity of STRESSes were expressed as principal STRESSes (1,2,3), while the negative and positive signs indicated compressive and tensile STRESSes.Results: The buccal surface of PDL of mesiobuccal root and the buccal, palatal and distal surface in cervical region of PDL of distobuccal root and the distal surface of the PDL of palatal root had received a great deal of STRESSes, in addition, the over all STRESS distribution in roots of molar had intrusive nature.Conclusion: The extension of high STRESS concentration areas observed after using high pull headgear is limited to some root surfaces specially the distobuccal root.

Background: The most frequently used test for evaluation of fetal health is the Non STRESS Test (NST). Unfortunately it has a high incidence of false positive results. The combination of vibroacoustic stimulation with the NTS has been shown to reduce non reactive results.Methods: A tests assessment method was chosen with a simple randomized sampling. 40 pregnant women with non reactive NST in the first 20 minutes who received VAS in one of Tehran University's Hospitals were compared with BPP scores. A vibroacoustic stimulation was applied for a 3 seconds on the maternal abdomen and fallowed within 10 minutes. Data collection tools were NST, sonography instruments, NST result paper, tooth brusher, watch, demographic questioner and check list. Data analysis was made by descriptive static and by using the Fisher's Exact Test (with level of significant at p<0/05). All statistical analysis were performed using an spss/win.Results: After VAS, 70% of non reactive tracing became reactive. All cases with fetal reactivity response after a VAS had a subsequent BPP score of 8 (negative predictive value of 100%). False positivity of VAS was lower than NST.Conclusion: VAS offers benefits, by decreasing the incidence of non reactive test and reducing test time. VAS lowers the rate of false positive NST. VAS is safe and allows more efficient of prenatal services. This test could be used as a rapid antepartum test to predict fetal well-being.

Drought STRESS is one of the most important abiotic STRESSes influencing performance of crop plants. Therefore, the identification or development of tolerant genotypes is of high importance for incorporating in cotton production. In this study to evaluate the effect of drought STRESS on some cotton traits, 5 IMPROVED cotton varieties were studied in a split plot design with three replications in 2 years (2000-2001) at 2 locations (Hashemabad and Anbaroloom); one with Mediterranean climate and the other with drought-STRESS condition. Treatments were irrigation as main plot in 3 levels (I0=without irrigation, I1=one time irrigation; that carried out 70 days after sowing, and I2=at least 3 times irrigation) and varieties as subplot in 5 levels (5 genotypes). In the basis of combined variance analysis significant differences were detected among varieties for yield, boll number, boll weight, length and number of sympodial and monopodial branches. Drought STRESS decreased yield, boll number, boll weight, and induced earliness. With increasing irrigation frequency, earliness lightly reduced in the former climate probably because of inducing vegetative growth and retarding in generative phase. In latter climate increased irrigation frequency had a positive effect on the yield. It seems that water deficiency has reduced yield via decreasing boll number. The number of formed bolls in STRESSful conditions was less than that of in non-STRESSful conditions. STRESS tolerance index (STI) revealed that Siokra-324 and Tabladila were more tolerant and stable varieties.

The purpose of this study was comparing the STRESS of breast cancer patients to that of healthy women. A sample of 65 breast cancer patients were selected from "Imam-Khomeini Cancer Institute" (from summer to autumn of 2008). They were chosen from the available patients who were diagnosed with cancer for less than two months. Variables such as marital status, economic status, age and education were taken into consideration in both the experimental and the control groups. Pickle's "life event" questionnaire (1971) was used to assess the STRESS in those groups. The data were analyzed using t-test. The results suggest that the STRESS in breast cancer patients is significantly higher than others. Moreover, women who bereaved the loss of a relative, had unwanted pregnancy or experienced divorce had more STRESS.